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Plant and Equipment
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Machinery, plant and equipment
This Toolbox Talk covers the different safety aspects of using machinery in the workplace. Employers should consider how their workers use machinery.
There is also specific requirements on lifting equipment and carrying out vehicle repairs.
CASE STUDY
A company were prosecuted after a worker was killed when he was crushed in
the rollers of a rubber and cloth inspection machine.
Other workers heard him cry out and he was found with his left arm, shoulder,
head and torso trapped between the rubberised blanket and the roller. He was
pronounced dead at the scene.
What caused the accident?
The company had not assessed the risks associated with using the machine. They had not checked that it was safe to use following modifications when the nip guards were removed and an unguarded roller was inserted.
Why is machinery safety important?
Moving machinery can cause injuries in many ways:
■ People can be struck and injured by moving parts of machinery or ejected material. Parts of the body can also be drawn in or trapped between rollers, belts and pulley drives.
■ Sharp edges can cause cuts and severing injuries, sharp-pointed parts can cause stabbing or puncture the skin, and rough surface parts can cause friction or abrasion.
■ People can be crushed, both between parts moving together or towards a fixed part of the machine, wall or other object, and two parts moving past one another can cause shearing.
■ Parts of the machine, materials and emissions (such as steam or water) can be hot or cold enough to cause burns or scalds, and electricity can cause electrical shock and burns.
■ Injuries can also occur due to machinery becoming unreliable and developing faults or when machines are used improperly through inexperience or lack of training.
What do I have to do?
Before you start
Before you start using any machine you need to think about what risks may occur and how these can be managed. You should therefore do the following:
■ Check that the machine is complete, with all safeguards fitted, and free from defects. The term ‘safeguarding’ includes guards, interlocks, two-hand controls, light guards, pressure-sensitive mats etc. By law, the supplier must provide the right safeguards and inform buyers of any risks (‘residual risks’) that users need to be aware of and manage because they could not be designed out.
■ Produce a safe system of work for using and maintaining the machine. Maintenance may require the inspection of critical features where deterioration would cause a risk. Also look at the residual risks identified by the manufacturer in the information/instructions provided with the machine and make sure they are included in the safe system of work.
■ Ensure every static machine has been installed properly and is stable (usually fixed down).
■ Choose the right machine for the job and do not put machines where customers or visitors may be exposed to risk.
■ Note that new machines should be CE marked and supplied with a Declaration of Conformity and instructions in English.
Make sure the machine is:
■ Safe for any work that has to be done when setting up, during normal use, when clearing blockages, when carrying out repairs for breakdowns, and during planned maintenance;
■ Properly switched off, isolated or locked off before taking any action to remove blockages, clean or adjust the machine; Also, make sure you identify and deal with the risks from:
■ Electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic power supplies;
■ Badly designed safeguards. These may be inconvenient to use or easily overridden, which could encourage your workers to risk injury and break the law. If they are, find out why they are doing it and take appropriate action to deal with the reasons/causes. Preventing access to dangerous parts Think about how you can make a machine safe. The measures you use to prevent access to dangerous parts should be in the following order. In some cases it may be necessary to use a combination of these measures:
■ Use fixed guards (eg secured with screws or nuts and bolts) to enclose the dangerous parts, whenever practical. Use the best material for these guards – plastic may be easy to see through but may easily be damaged. Where you use wire mesh or similar materials, make sure the holes are not large enough to allow access to moving parts.
■ If fixed guards are not practical, use other methods, eg interlock the guard so that the machine cannot start before the guard is closed and cannot be opened while the machine is still moving. In some cases, trip systems such as photoelectric devices, pressure-sensitive mats or automatic guards may be used if other guards are not practical.
■ Where guards cannot give full protection, use jigs, holders, push sticks etc if it is practical to do so.
■ Control any remaining risk by providing the operator with the necessary information, instruction, training, supervision and appropriate safety equipment.
CASE STUDY
A company were prosecuted after a worker received horrific injuries, almost severing his left arm when using a cross-cut saw.
What the employer had done
The nose guard had not been set correctly because training was inadequate. The worker had no previous experience and had only five minutes’ training on the saw. This did not include any instruction about the saw guards and how to adjust them properly. In addition, the saw was unsuitable for training purposes.
Other things you should consider
■ If machines are controlled by programmable electronic systems, changes to any programmes should be carried out by a competent person (someone who has the necessary skills, knowledge and experience to carry out the work safely). Keep a record of such changes and check they have been made properly.
■ Ensure control switches are clearly marked to show what they do.
■ Have emergency stop controls where necessary, eg mushroom-head push buttons within easy reach.
■ Make sure operating controls are designed and placed to avoid accidental operation and injury, use two-hand controls where necessary and shroud start buttons and pedals.
■ Don’t let unauthorised, unqualified or untrained people use machinery – never allow children to operate or help at machines. Some workers, eg new starters, young people or those with disabilities, may be particularly at risk and need instruction, training and supervision.
■ Adequate training should ensure that those who use the machine are competent to use it safely. This includes ensuring they have the correct skills, knowledge and experience – sometimes formal qualifications are needed, eg for chainsaw operators.
■ Supervisors must also be properly trained and competent to be effective. They may need extra specific training and there are recognised courses for supervisors.
■ Ensure the work area around the machine is kept clean and tidy, free from obstructions or slips and trips hazards, and well lit.
■ Never leave machinery unattended unless there are appropriate measures in place to ensure that unauthorised or incompetent use and also untrained persons are unable to operate or put themselves or others at risk.
Health and Safety Executive
The health and safety toolbox: How to control risks at work Page 67 of 103 Dos and don’ts of machinery safety for workers
Do...
■ Check the machine is well maintained and fit to be used, ie appropriate for the job and working properly and that all the safety measures are in place – guards, isolators, locking mechanisms, emergency off switches etc;
■ Use the machine properly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions;
■ Make sure you are wearing the appropriate protective clothing and equipment required for that machine, such as safety glasses, hearing protection and safety shoes.
Don’t...
■ Use a machine or appliance that has a danger sign or tag attached to it. Danger signs should only be removed by an authorised person who is satisfied that the machine or process is now safe;
■ Wear dangling chains, loose clothing, rings or have loose, long hair that could get caught up in moving parts;
■ Distract people who are using machines;
■ Remove any safeguards, even if their presence seems to make the job more difficult.
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